The health risks associated with alcohol consumption are well documented in the National Drug Strategy 2017-2026, Australian Government, Department of Health (2017) strategies. The overall burden of alcohol consumption on the health of Australians is substantial, and is summarised in this report:

• Alcohol’s burden of disease in Australia, Gao C, Ogeil R and Lloyd B, Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education (FARE) and Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth) in collaboration with Turning Point, (2014). This report summarises current research using the most up-to-date methodology for estimating alcohol-related harm in the Australian community. It provides a resource for researchers, policy makers and health service workers who wish to gauge the impacts that alcohol has on Australian society.

The Alcohol and Drug Foundation provides Alcohol Facts about the short and long-term health effects of consumption, and the laws regarding the sale and distribution of alcohol. Many other ;government and private agencies, organisations and advocacy groups provide information about alcohol use and the potential health risks.

Current trends in alcohol consumption patterns may reflect the efforts of governments and advocacy groups to reduce alcohol consumption in the population, particularly among youth. Key findings from the '2019 National Drug Strategy Household Survey' indicate that consumption of alcohol in Australia is widespread and connected with many social and cultural activities. However, some of the survey trends indicate a moderation in alcohol use: (1) the percentage of the population considered to be ‘daily drinkers’ has declined since 2010, from 7.4% to 5.4%, among both males and females; (2) fewer young people, age 12 to 17 years, are drinking alcohol; and (3) more younger Australians are delaying starting drinking, the average age at which a person first tried alcohol has increased from 14.7 to 16.2 years of age since 2001.

• National Drug Strategy Household Survey, 2019, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2020). Summary of alcohol use, key findings.

Alcohol, unlike tobacco products, has not been subject to the same level of legislative control in advertising, or prohibited as a sponsor of sporting organisations, teams, and events. Conclusive medical evidence linking smoking with inherent health risks led to public policy that implies ‘every cigarette is doing damage’ and this signaled the end of tobacco sponsorship in sport. Similar evidence supports the conclusion that alcohol contributes (at some level) to health risks and may (in some cases) be associated with social harm. There is also substantial evidence that excessive short-term alcohol consumption, including binge drinking, can have detrimental physiological and psychological consequences. To date, risk management or minimisation strategies have dominated public policy related to alcohol advertising and marketing. Many sporting organisations have established sponsorship and advertising relationships with alcohol products, usually under the banner of 'responsible use'.

The World Health Organisation has defined risky alcohol consumption as what might reasonably be expected to lead to ‘short’ or ‘long-term’ harm. Indicators of short-term harm are injury or violence linked to impaired physical or mental capacity. Indicators of long-term harm include a long list of health problems associated with alcohol consumption.

Australian Alcohol Guidelines Revised, (December 2020). The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) have released a revised version of the Australian guidelines to reduce health risks from drinking alcohol.

Guideline 1: Reducing the risk of alcohol-related harm for adults

To reduce the risk of harm from alcohol-related disease or injury, healthy men and women should drink no more than 10 standard drinks a week and no more than 4 standard drinks on any one day. The less you drink, the lower your risk of harm from alcohol.

Guideline 2: Children and people under 18 years of age

To reduce the risk of injury and other harms to health, children and people under 18 years of age should not drink alcohol.

Guideline 3: Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding

To prevent harm from alcohol to their unborn child, women who are pregnant or planning a pregnancy should not drink alcohol. For women who are breastfeeding, not drinking alcohol is safest for their baby.

Within the alcohol manufacturing industry the major sector associations have come together to form a quasi-regulatory system for alcohol advertising known as the Alcohol Beverages Advertising Code. Signatories include the Brewers Association, Spirits and Cocktails Australia, Australian Grape and Wine, as well as individual companies. The management committee for the Alcohol Beverages Advertising Code regularly publishes information regarding the type of complaints received.

• Annual Reports - Alcohol Beverages Advertising Code

Because the manufacturers and retailers of alcohol products in Australia are often major sponsors of Australian sports, this self-regulatory system is considered by many people to be potentially biased and ineffective. The current definition of ‘advertising’ used by the industry’s self-regulatory code excludes some major forms of advertising, such as sports sponsorship.

All forms of advertising (including alcohol products) are subject to review. Ad Standards is an independent body that works with various industry groups to assess public concerns about advertising standards.

• Ad Standards. Australia has a co-regulatory system for alcohol advertising. Guidelines have been negotiated with government, consumer complaints are handled independently, but all costs are borne by industry. All alcohol complaints are lodged with Ad Standards. Ad Standards will assess the complaint under the AANA Code of Ethics. If the complaint raises issues under this Code, the Ad Standards Community Panel will make a decision as to whether to uphold or dismiss the complaints. Ad Standards also sends a copy of the complaint to the Alcoholic Beverages Advertising Code (ABAC) Chief Adjudicator. It is possible for Ad Standards or ABAC to arrive at different decisions about the same advertisement as each body assesses the advertisement using different Codes.

In response to conflicting self-regulatory interpretation, the Alcohol Advertising Review Board (AARB) has been created. The AARB operates independently of government and industry and works under the auspices of the Public Health Advocacy Institute of Western Australia. The AARB has produced an independent code for alcohol advertising and product placement.

• Alcohol Advertising Review Board Content and Placement Code, (July 2012).
• Alcohol Advertising Review Board, Annual Report 2018-19, Public Health Advocacy Institute of Western Australia, (September 2019). This annual report captures the number of public complaints regarding alcohol product advertising and provides case studies of breaches of the industry Code of practice. The report highlights support for the 'End alcohol advertising in sport campaign' which was launched in 2018. A total of 87 complaints were received by the AARB, resulting in 70 determinations, of which 59 were upheld as breaches of the advertising Code and a further 9 were upheld in part.

Research at Monash University looked at two relevant questions regarding the effectiveness of the advertising regulatory Code to protect children from exposure to alcohol advertising. First, do children under the legal drinking age (i.e. 17 years and younger) watch more free-to-air TV during daytime or evening hours? Second, is there a difference in the frequency of alcohol advertising on sport programs versus non-sport programs on free-to-air TV? They found little difference in the mean number of children viewing TV during the day or evening, but did find that during the daytime, most of the alcohol advertising (87%) was on sport TV. In the evening, most alcohol advertising (86%) was in non-sport TV. The authors conclude that by permitting day-time advertising in sport programs and in any programs from 8.30pm when many children are still watching TV, current regulations are not protecting children from exposure to alcohol advertising.

• Alcohol advertising in sport and non-sport TV in Australia, during children’s viewing times, O’Brien K, Carr S, Ferris J, et.al., Plos One, (11 August 2015).

The effectiveness of any voluntary code of practice for alcohol advertising will be the subject of ongoing debate. During 2015 there was considerable public discussion about proposed changes to the Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice, that seeks to control the content and delivery of advertising on free-to-air television. Alcohol is one of several products that comes under the broadcaster's code of practice. The proposed changes were intended to broaden the viewing times and conditions for alcohol advertising.

• Submission to the Review of the Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice, Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education (FARE), (April 2015). This submission offers the views of FARE regarding Free TV Australia’s Review of the Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice. The submission examines the proposed changes to the Code, and makes eight recommendations for Free TV Australia to strengthen its Codes of Practice based on the evidence of effective advertising and sponsorship control.
• AMA submission to Review of the Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice Australian Medical Association,  (2 April 2015). The AMA believes the proposed changes to the Code will put commercial interests of advertisers above the developmental needs of Australian children and young people. Therefore, it does not support any changes to the Code because free-to-air television remains the first choice of Australian audiences, with around 13.6 million viewers spending an average of 3 hours per day watching television. For health reasons, the AMA does not support the advertising of alcohol during sporting events.

The current regulatory framework for broadcasters applies only to free-to-air television. This Code was revised at the end of 2015. However, many of the recommendations made by advocacy groups were not adopted. In addition, the diversification of communication and broadcast platforms, including various pay-TV options and online streaming, do not come under the revised Code. The rapidly changing sport broadcasting environment, because of new broadcasting technologies, will offer new challenges in the alcohol advertising debate about regulation.

• Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice Free TV Australia (2015). The updated Code was registered by the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) on 10 November 2015, following widespread public consultation. The new Code became effective on 1 December 2015. Under the Code, advertisement for an alcoholic beverage may be broadcast at any of the following times: (1) any time in the M and MA15+ classification zones, except between 5.00-6.00 am, and 7.30-8.30 pm; (2) as an accompaniment to a sports program on a Weekend or a Public Holiday, and; (3) as an accompaniment to the broadcast of a live sporting event in Australia, broadcast simultaneously across more than one licence area.

In 2014, the New Zealand Government established a Ministerial Forum on Alcohol Advertising and Sponsorship to consult with the community and sports stakeholders to consider whether further restrictions on alcohol advertising and sponsorship are needed to reduce alcohol-related harm, particularly among youth. The final report made 14 recommendations to further restrict alcohol advertising and sponsorship. These recommendations support three objectives: (1) reducing youth exposure to alcohol through sponsorship; (2) reducing youth exposure through advertising; and (3) strengthening the current system of industry and government co-regulation.

One of the long-term recommendations made by the Forum was to work toward eliminating alcohol sponsorship from New Zealand sport, replacing it with alternative funding.

• Ministerial Forum on Alcohol Advertising and Sponsorship: Recommendations on Alcohol Advertising and Sponsorship New Zealand Government, Ministry of Health, (2014).

The regulatory controls on alcohol sponsorship and advertising in most European countries are similar to Australia, an industry code of conduct is in place.

• To appeal or not to appeal: testing content restrictions in self-regulation codes European Centre for Monitoring Alcohol Marketing, Fact Sheet, (January 2013).

The Alcohol Marketing Monitoring in Europe (AMMIE) project evaluated the effectiveness of existing self-regulation codes in five European countries. The study found that 72% of community complaints were rejected by the industry self-regulatory body on the argument that ads target adults and are therefore not specifically aimed at young people. The difficulty in monitoring adherence leads to the conclusion that self-regulation for alcohol advertising does not work in Europe.

• Alcohol advertising and sponsorship in Formula One: a dangerous cocktail European Alcohol Policy Alliance and Monash University, (May 2015). A number of studies from countries that are ‘consumer economies’ conclude that exposure to alcohol sponsorship is associated with significantly increased rates of hazardous drinking amongst school-age children and adult sportspeople. The current EU policy framework for regulating alcohol marketing, the Audio Visual Media Services Directive (AVMSD), stipulates that alcohol advertising should not link alcohol consumption to driving. However, an analysis of the Formula One motorsport website identified three teams with alcohol company sponsorship agreements. In each of the three teams the sponsor’s alcohol brand is highly visible on driver and crew uniforms and on the team car. An Alcohol brand frequency analysis of audience exposure during the broadcast of the 2014 Monaco Grand Prix indicated that alcohol advertising was presented every five seconds over a two hour period. The race had a worldwide audience of 500 million people. The authors of this report concluded that F1 racing has the highest level of alcohol brand exposure of any sports event. They argue that such exposure contradicts the spirit of the current EU regulations on alcohol marketing.

Unlike most European countries the advertising of alcohol in France does not depend on self-regulation or voluntary codes of practice; it is controlled by law and illegal advertisements can be brought before the courts. Significant components of the legislation include: (1) a clear definition of alcoholic drinks; all beverages containing 1.2% alcohol by volume are covered by the legislation; (2) no advertising can be targeted at young people; (3) no advertising is allowed on television or in cinemas; (4) no sponsorship of cultural or sporting events; and (5) advertising is permitted only in publications intended for adults, on billboards, on radio (under precise conditions), and at special events such as wine fairs. When advertising is permitted, its content is controlled in two ways: (i) messages and images should refer only to the qualities of the products, its origin, composition, means of production, and patterns of consumption; and (ii) a health message must be included on each advertisement to the effect that ‘alcohol abuse is dangerous for health’.

• The 'Loi Evin': a French exception, Regaud A and Craplet M, Institute of Alcohol Studies, (2004). In 1991 the French Parliament passed the Loi Evin, legislation that controls the advertising of alcohol. Although the impact of advertising legislation (by itself) is difficult to assess, there has been an overall decline of average alcohol consumption among the adult French population from 30 litres of pure alcohol per capita in 1960 to 13 litres in 2004.

Since the introduction of this law, a number of amendments have been made; for example, alcohol advertising is again permitted in sports grounds if there is no television coverage of the sporting events at that venue. To work around the legal advertising restrictions for the broadcast of the 2016 Euro Football Championships, the Euro 2016 sponsor Carlsberg replaced its brand name with venue advertising containing well-known slogans associated with the brand. As a result, TV viewers frequently saw the slogan of tournament sponsor Carlsberg throughout televised matches.

Within the United Kingdom the Advertising Standards Authority's 'Code of Broadcast Advertising' (BCAP Code) places certain restrictions on television advertising of alcohol products.

• Do UK television alcohol advertisements abide by the Code of Broadcast Advertising rules regarding the portrayal of alcohol?, Searle R, Alston D, and French D, Alcohol and Alcoholism, Volume 49(4), pp.472-478, (2014). This study assessed the extent to which members of the UK general public perceive television alcohol advertisements to comply with the existing code of practice (BCAP Code). Survey results from a large sample of adults indicated that 75% of the public felt that existing television advertising does, in fact, breach the BCAP Code. This suggests that the current alcohol and advertising industry self-regulatory system is inadequate.

Internationally, alcohol beverage manufacturers in Europe and the United States have recognized a shift in the advertising environment, from mainstream television and radio to various forms of digital media. Some industry guidelines, based upon self-regulation, have also been developed for other broadcast and communication platforms.

• Digital Guiding Principles: Self-regulation of marketing communications for beverage alcohol International Center for Alcohol Policies, (2014). Marketing codes of practice vary according to country and product and reflect local culture, lifestyle, traditions, and national contexts. This document provides guidance for the alcohol beverage industry to develop responsible marketing and communications strategies which apply specifically to digital media.

Industry codes that advocate 'responsible drinking' behaviour have also been examined. Because opinion is divided on what is (or is not) a safe level of alcohol consumption, a single definition for responsible drinking has not been agreed upon.

• Defining strategies for promoting product through ‘drink responsibly’ messages in magazine ads for beer, spirits and alcopops, Clegg-Smith K, Cukier S, and Jernigan D, Drug and Alcohol Dependence , Volume 142, pp.168-173, (2014). In the United States, neither federal regulations nor industry voluntary codes require ‘responsibility’ statements in alcohol advertising. Public service campaigns may even contain subtle pro-drinking themes. This research analysed ‘responsibility statements’ placed in conventional alcohol advertising to consider how responsible drinking is presented, and potential communicative goals for responsibility messages. Analysis revealed that 87% of the alcohol advertisements included in national magazines from 2008 to 2010 had a responsibility message. However, messages never defined ‘responsible drinking’ or promoted abstinence. No link was made between warnings and activities conveyed in the advertisements. The authors concluded that ‘responsibility’ messages were overwhelmingly used to promote product rather than convey relevant public health information. Based on this analysis, existing responsibility messages are largely ineffective at conveying relevant public health information, and should be supplemented or replaced by cognitively tested warnings that do not reinforce marketing messages.

There is ample evidence that alcohol consumption does not contribute to sporting performance. Alcohol consumption immediately before, during, or after exercise (depending upon the quantity consumed) may actually impair the performance and adaptation of most athletes. Alcohol consumption following exercise has been shown in many studies to inhibit recovery, and heavy alcohol consumption is likely to have a negative effect on general health and therefore, long-term sporting performance.

• Alcohol ingestion impairs maximal post-exercise rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis following a single bout of concurrent training, Parr E, Camera D, Areta J, et.al., PLOS One, (12 February 2014). The culture in many team sports involves consumption of large amounts of alcohol after training or competition. The effect of such a practice on recovery processes underlying protein turnover in human skeletal muscle was the focus of this study. This study determined the effect of alcohol intake on rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) following strenuous exercise, with the post-exercise consumption of either a protein drink or energy-matched carbohydrate drink, containing alcohol. This study demonstrated that alcohol consumption reduces rates of MPS following a bout of exercise, even when co-ingested with protein. The researchers concluded that alcohol ingestion suppresses the anabolic response in skeletal muscle and may therefore impair recovery and adaptation to training and/or subsequent performance.
• Effects of heavy episodic drinking on physical performance in club level rugby union players, Prentice C, Stannard S and Barnes M, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, Volume 18(3), pp.268-271, (26 April 2014). This study investigated the effects of acute alcohol consumption, in a natural setting, on exercise performance in the two days after the drinking episode. Reported alcohol consumption ranged from 6 to >20 standard drinks. A significant decrease in sleep hours was reported after the drinking episode with participants reporting only 1-3 hours for the night. A significant reduction in counter movement jump the morning after the drinking episode was observed compared to baseline. For this group, it was determined that regular alcohol consumption was at a hazardous level. Heavy episodic alcohol use, and associated reduced sleep hours, results in a reduction in lower body power output, but other measures of anaerobic performance were not affected. Full recovery from this behaviour was achieved two days post drinking episode.

There is also research looking at the dose-response of 'moderate' beer consumption during rehydration following non-exhaustive exercise in a hot environment; as well as research linking physical activity (generally) and alcohol consumption among adults.

• Daily physical activity and alcohol use across the adult lifespan, Conroy D, Ram N, Pincus A, et.al., Health Psychology, Volume 34(6), pp.653-660, (2015). While it is acknowledged that both physical activity (PA) and alcohol consumption can vary on a day-to-day basis, this study looked at whether established associations between PA and alcohol consumption represented coupled behaviours. A sample (N=150) of adults representing the lifespan (ages 19 to 89 years) completed a daily diary during a three week period. After controlling for age, sex, and seasonal influences; daily deviations in PA were significantly associated with daily total alcohol use. Once the within-person process linking PA and alcohol use was controlled, the results indicate that PA and alcohol consumption (particularly beer) are linked. The present study also suggests that daily within-person process linking PA and alcohol use, in a generally low-to-moderate risk population of drinkers, may be based on many criteria.
• Effects of a moderate intake of beer on markers of hydration after exercise in the heat: a crossover study, Jimenez-Pavon D, Cervantes-Borunda M, Diaz L, et.al., Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, Volume 12, Article number: 26, (2015). Alcohol may represent a serious drawback that can blunt beer’s rehydrating capacity and negatively affect the restoration of fluid balance, increasing the diuretic response in the body. However, a moderate intake of alcohol (2 drinks per day) has been shown in some studies to have health benefits. This study investigated the dose-response effect of consuming a ‘moderate’ amount of beer as part of a rehydration protocol following a short (less than one hour running at 60% of VO2max) bout of exercise in a hot laboratory setting. During the two hours following exercise, subjects used one of two hydration protocols; either consumption of mineral water alone or 660ml of standard strength beer (4.5% alcohol) and water; the study used a cross-over design with multiple trials. This study found that after exercise and subsequent water losses, a moderate beer intake (over a two hour rehydration period) had no deleterious effects on markers of hydration.

Stainback, in his book Alcohol and Sport (1997), reported that extensive research in the US suggests athletes and non-athletes are similar in their attitudes toward alcohol use; alcohol use was seen as a social phenomenon and not a consequence of sports participation.

The Australian Drug Foundation publication, The Culture and Context of Alcohol Use in Community Sporting Clubs in Australia, reports that a number of studies suggest that risky levels of alcohol consumption are present within certain sports settings. The typical celebratory drinking session, team ‘bonding’, and other forms of social interaction lend themselves to the ethos of sport (particularly team sports). Many surveys and anecdotal reports suggest that drinking is part of Australian sporting culture, although inconsistencies exist in how quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption are measured and reported. Duff suggests that drinking behaviour is influenced by many sociological factors. “One factor that has been given particular attention is the implementation of a formal alcohol policy. It has been suggested that the lack of a formal alcohol policy in recreation settings nurtures a culture of excessive alcohol consumption, usually because the club has few established guidelines or expectations regarding more responsible alcohol consumption” (p. 21). Many of the strategies used by sporting organisations to deal with the detrimental influence of alcohol focus on developing guidelines for ‘acceptable’ alcohol use by athletes, based upon a harm minimisation and risk management approach. Sociological factors contributing to a positive ‘team culture’ are seen as supporting responsible alcohol use policies in a sporting environment.

The association between sports participation, alcohol use and aggression and violence: a systematic review, Sønderlund A, et. al., Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, Volume 17(1), pp.2-7, (2014). This article reviewed the research literature on alcohol consumption patterns among sports participants and non-participants. The majority of the studies were from the US and focused on collegiate athletes, adolescents, and professional athletes. The available evidence indicates there are higher rates of alcohol use in some athlete populations. However, the relationship between sport participation and alcohol use appears to be contingent, to a degree, on many other contextual factors. This is likely due to the specific drinking culture, norms and expectations that exist within a certain sport, club or team. An over emphasis on masculinity and antisocial norms within a sport’s culture will stand out as potential risk factors that may impact upon the association between sport and alcohol consumption. Further, in research on alcohol-related violence among adolescents, high-frequency alcohol consumption (i.e. excess of 9 days per month) and high-volume alcohol consumption (at a single occasion) among athletes were significant predictors of alcohol-related violence.

Therefore, the culture that exists within a sport, club, or team may determine whether alcohol consumption by sportspeople becomes problematic.

Both the Australian Olympic Committee (AOC) and Paralympics Australia (PA) have taken a position on the consumption of alcohol by athletes under their jurisdiction. The consumption of alcohol by athletes is restricted through the Team Agreement an athlete consents to, as a member of an Olympic/Paralympic Team.

• The Australian Olympic Team and alcohol, Position Statement, Australian Olympic Committee (adopted 14 November, 2013). The Australian Olympic Committee (AOC) is committed to creating an Olympic Team environment which supports high performance and ensures that the highest standards of conduct are maintained by all Team members (athletes and officials) throughout the entire Games period. For all Team members selected on future Olympic Teams and Youth Olympic Teams, both Summer and Winter, the following restrictions will apply with respect of alcohol during the Games Period (as defined in the relevant Team Membership Agreement): (1) Team members are not permitted to be present in the Olympic Village or other designated Team locations if they are intoxicated and displaying conduct which may be inappropriate or disruptive to others; (2) The possession, service or consumption of alcohol by any Team member within the Olympic Village or other designated Team locations is not permitted. This includes the consumption of alcohol served by a third party such as other Olympic Teams; and (3) The consumption of alcohol on the Team Charter Flight returning to Australia is not permitted, a Team member who is intoxicated may be refused permission to board the Team Charter Flight. Prior to each edition of the Olympic Games (summer and winter) and Youth Olympic Games (summer and winter), the respective Chef de Mission will issue a direction to all Team members regarding the restrictions which will apply to the possession or consumption of alcohol. Each direction will include details of any sanctions to be applied. Failure to comply with the Chef de Mission’s direction will be regarded as a breach of the Team Membership Agreement. The Chef de Mission will determine in their sole and absolute discretion the sanction(s) to be applied to the offending Team member. These restrictions have been implemented to ensure that Australia’s Olympic athletes are given the opportunity to compete to the best of their ability and with distinction.

The Australian Government, through the Department of Health, provides extensive information about alcohol use and the associated health and safety risks. They highlight that "alcohol is never completely safe, it can cause harm to the person who drinks and sometimes to those around them". The Government's strategy has been to provide information, education, and support to organisations and programs targeting a reduction in alcohol consumption and advocating a risk management strategy for alcohol use.

Australian guidelines to reduce health risks from drinking alcohol, National Health and Medical Research Council (December 2020). The Department of Health has developed a range of communication materials to inform key target audiences about these guidelines, and to assist Australians in making informed choices about alcohol consumption.

The Australian Drug Foundation has developed the ‘Good Sports’ program to assist sporting clubs in developing and implementing alcohol policies within a sporting environment. The Australian Drug Foundation also provides advocacy, position statements, and information to inform and assist in public policy decisions on alcohol and drugs.

• Good Sports helps sporting clubs manage alcohol responsibly and reduce alcohol related problems such as binge and underage drinking. One of the key benefits to clubs of registering in the free program is the support that they receive in changing the club culture. A Good Sports Project Officer can assist club committee members through the entire process.

Healthy Sporting Environments. A VicHealth program to assist sports clubs in providing healthier and more inclusive environments. The program has six major themes: reducing harmful alcohol use, improving eating options, reducing over-exposure to harmful ultra violet sunlight, reducing smoking in and around the club grounds, managing injury risks, and increasing the number of women (particularly among culturally and linguistically diverse people and Indigenous people) in local sport.